In the last ten years, placenta, fetal membranes (i.e. amnion and chorion), and amniotic fluid have been extensively investigated as a potential non-controversial source of stem cells. They are usually discarded after delivery and are accessible during pregnancy through amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling Several populations of cells with multi-lineage differentiation potential and immunemodulatory properties have been isolated from the human placenta and fetal membranes; they have been classified by an international workshop as human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) human chorionic mesenchymal stromal cells (hCMSCs) by Igura et al. and Anker et al., and human chorionic trophoblastic cells (hCTCs). In the amniotic fluid (AF), two main populations of stem cells have been isolated so far:
The AF is the clear, watery liquid that surrounds the growing fetus within the amniotic cavity. It allows the fetus to freely grow and move inside the uterus, protects it from outside injuries by cushioning sudden blows or movements by maintaining consistent pressure and temperature, and acts as a vehicle for the exchange of body chemicals with the mother.
Room temperature ionic liqulids (RTILs) are useful materials for generating supported ionic liquid membranes (SILM) due to their selectivity for acid gases e.g. CO2 and H2S, low vapor pressure as well as ‘green’ nature. RTILs are reported to have higher mass transport coefficients than traditional membranes generated from a variety of polymeric matrices, thus, leading to higher permeabilities and diffusivities. A number of studies have reported on SILM for separation of CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, olefin/ paraffin, etc. However, this prominent attribute suffers from IL clusters’ fragile nature within the polymeric membranes, thus, leading to their leaching from surface and reduction in performance. An alternative is to polymerize the RTILs either as homopolymers or copolymers. Poly (ionic liquids) (PRTIL) have been demonstrated to possess higher CO2 adsorption capacities than the respective monomers.
Separation ability was not reduced at the partial CO2 operating pressures of 207 kPa. Another work investigated the effect of polymerized and ‘free’ RTIL percentage on a composite gel membrane for CO2 separation . Polymerization percentage had different effects on CO2 permeability depending on the RTIL content of the composite membrane. Highest permeability was obtained with RTIL content of 75% (free). Other works have investigated polymerized RTIL/liquid RTIL composite membranes for CO2 separation. A maximum selectivity of 24.9 was reported for CO2 from a mixture with CH4. Such membranes had been extremely selective for CO2 in CO2/CH4 mixtures in previous works as well.
Suicide is a major causality of human mortality across the world. Yet human suicide predictions and preventions are difficult to obtain. As a result, in order to find out new ways of solving this situation, human suicide etiological/pathologic study is quite necessary. Previously, human suicide was commonly regarded as a clinical symptom rather than an aspect of human mental illness-related disease that can be traceable from biological or genetic tangible existence discoveries.
In order to clarify this matter of etiological/pathologic enigma, we document some events of historic literatures, medical ways of suicide probing and different types of counteractive measure promotions. After all, genetic/molecular clues available for suicidal linkage between pathogenesis and therapeutics will be established. From these avenues, better clinical suicide predictive systems and therapeutic managements would be invented in future.
Due to the importance of hydrolysis reactions, lipase enzymes are the subject of exhaustive research for many medical applications, biological treatment processes, and pharmaceutical synthesis. Glycerols and fatty acids produced from oil degradation are significantly important and had been used in many applications. Although the use of enzymes such as lipase in fatty acids production and glycerols manufacturing is well-known, industrial applications which require high conversion (99%) are hindered by the application of high pressure, high temperature, and the very long reaction times. These severe operating conditions are expensive and in most cases produces dark fatty acids as a result of side polymerization and the formation of undesired by-products. Additionally, treatment and purification of final products by complex distillation methods complicates the process and add further energy concerns.
Plants are considered as an essential component of global sustainability due to their different ecosystem services like provision of fuel, food, medicine, shelter, condiments, aromas and perfumes. Healthy ecosystems with plant diversity are vital for the livelihoods and well-being of all humankind. Plants, animals and human beings are inter-dependent upon one another. Therefore, human beings take care of both animals and plants by raring them in friendly environment ensuring their continuity and conservation. In return the food, forage, shelter and protection and other requirements are met by both the flora and fauna inhabiting the same ecological niches. Therefore, it is essential to keep the plant diversity intact for the smooth running of the environment because local plants are important representatives of world biological diversity.
The nutritional and environmental status of a human
population can be determined by monitoring the trace elements present in their
teeth. This is not unexpected as tooth enamel has both an organic and inorganic
phase. The organic phase consists of proteins (amelogenin, ameloblastin and
tuftelin) together with small amounts of proteolglycans and lipoids. In
contrast, the inorganic phase is composed of well-packed nanocrystals of
calcium apatite together with quantities of trace elements. The trace elementsin teeth can vary depending on the source of food and water as well as fromsoil and dermal absorption. For example the level of Zn and Mg in human dentine
was correlated with their presence in soil while Pb indicated environmental
pollution in the drinking water.
Studies have shown that nutritional
deficiencies can affect teeth during dentition, a critical growth period forteeth Examination of the teeth of children and adults (40-60 years old) in a
rural area of Egypt found a positive association between caries and the
presence of Mg, Cd, Pb and Ba. Higher levels of Mg, Cd, Pb and Ba were observed
in permanent teeth compared to primary teeth as well as in carious teeth pulps
compared to healthy teeth pulps
Typically, binding on monomeric ligand to monomeric
receptors leads to Michaelis-Menten type activation of intracellular signaling
cascades. Specifically, as the concentration of extracellular ligand increases
from low to high, larger fraction of receptor gets activated until the ligandconcentration becomes high enough such that receptor activation is saturated. Receptor
activation initiates a cascade of enzymatic reactions that lead to
phosphorylation of effector molecules like ERK and AKT amongst others. Thus,
saturable activation of receptor by ligand leads to saturable activation of
effector molecules. Accordingly, one would expect that cellular responses to
signaling pathway activation also follow Michaelis-Menten type kinetics. This
is indeed the case for signaling pathways like ErbB and IGFR at physiological
ligand concentrations.
Interestingly, some cells respond to FGF signaling in an
atypical fashion. Instead of following Michaelis-Menten type reaction kinetics
and responding in a saturable fashion, cells respond in a biphasic manner.
Specifically, from low to intermediate concentrations of FGF-ligands, cellular
response increases but then decreases from intermediate to high concentrations
of FGF-ligand.
Cyanobacteria
are the most primitive group of photoautotrophic prokaryotic micro-flora,
probably appeared on the Earth during Precambrian era while there was no
ozone-shield and intense solar light with high incidence of harmful ultraviolet
(UV) radiation. Survival of life under extreme condition of UV radiation ishighly menacing. The high-energetic UV (280–400 nm) radiation has great
potential for cell damage either through direct effects on biologically relevant
key machinery such as DNA, proteins and lipids, or indirect effects via the
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to mutagenesis, and loss
of fundamental cellular physiology and metabolic functions.
However, in
the face of adverse effects of intense solar radiation, cyanobacteria developed
some efficient repair mechanisms along with various enzymatic/non-enzymaticdefense systems to counteract the harmful effects of UV radiation. Moreover,
owing to strong defense systems, cyanobacteria are so far surviving and
thriving well as dominant primary producers over a wide range of aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems including the extreme habitats such as deserts, hot
springs, acidic, saline, and extremely cold polar region
